Soluble heterodimeric cytokine receptor

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides methods of treating psoriasis in a subject (i.e., psoriasis associated with a joint disease), by administering to the subject an effective dose of a composition comprising a soluble IL-22R/IL-20RB heterodimeric polypeptide, wherein the heterodimeric polypeptide comprises an IL-22R extracellular domain covalently linked to an IL-20RB extracellular domain.

The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.11/690,915, filed Mar. 26, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,704,950, which is acontinuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/471,151, filed Sep. 8,2003, now abandoned which claims the benefit of and which is a nationalstage filing of International Application No. PCT/US02/07214, filed Mar.7, 2002, which claims the benefit of U.S. Application No. 60/274,560,filed on Mar. 9, 2001 and U.S. Application No.: 60/299,865, filed onJun. 21, 2001, all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The teachings of all of the references cited herein are incorporated intheir entirety herein by reference.

Cytokines are soluble proteins that influence the growth anddifferentiation of many cell types. Their receptors are composed of oneor more integral membrane proteins that bind the cytokine with highaffinity and transduce this binding event to the cell through thecytoplasmic portions of the certain receptor subunits. Cytokinereceptors have been grouped into several classes on the basis ofsimilarities in their extracellular ligand binding domains. For example,the receptor chains responsible for binding and/or transducing theeffect of interferons (IFNs) are members of the type II cytokinereceptor family (CRF2), based upon a characteristic 200 residueextracellular domain. The demonstrated in vivo activities of theseinterferons illustrate the enormous clinical potential of, and need for,other cytokines, cytokine agonists, and cytokine antagonists. Somecytokines are involved in the inflammatory cascade and can promote suchdiseases as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, heartdisease etc. Thus, there is a need to discover cytokines and theirreceptors that are involved in inflammation. One can then use theisolated soluble receptors of the cytokine to inhibit thecytokine-mediated inflammation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1-8 are schematic representations of different embodiments of thesoluble receptor of the present invention

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention fills this need by providing a newly discoveredsoluble receptor that binds to Interleukin-20 (IL-20). The solublereceptor can be used to down-regulate IL-20 and thus treat inflammatorydiseases such as psoriasis and inflammatory lung diseases.

IL-20 was formally called ‘Zcyto10’, (International Patent PublicationNo. WO 99/27103) and has the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1-9. Aheterodimeric receptor that binds to IL-20 is comprised of two chains,an alpha chain and a beta chain. The alpha chain is referred to asIL-22R (formerly called Zcytor11). See U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,704. The betachain, hereinafter referred to as IL-20RB, was formally called DIRS1.See International Patent Application No. PCT/US99/03735. The presentinvention is a soluble receptor comprised of the extracellular domain ofIL-22R and the extracellular domain of IL-20RB.

The present invention encompasses an isolated soluble receptor comprisedof a ‘IL-22R’ subunit and an ‘IL-20RB’ subunit, wherein theIL-22Rsubunit is comprised of a polypeptide having an amino acidsequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 11, 12 and13, and the IL-20RB subunit is comprised of a polypeptide having anamino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:14-23. The IL-22R and IL-20RB subunits are generally linked together bya polypeptide linker. The linking can be by any means but generally by apeptide bond or a disulfide bond between a polypeptide connected to theIL-22R subunit and a polypeptide connected to the IL-20RB subunit. Thepresent invention is also directed towards isolated polynucleotides thatencode the novel IL-22R and IL-20RB polypeptides of the presentinvention.

In one embodiment the IL-22R subunit is fused to the constant region ofthe heavy chain of an immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule or a portion thereofand the IL-20RB subunit is fused to the constant region of the lightchain of an Ig molecule such that the constant region of the light chainis disulfide bonded to the constant region of the heavy chain, generallyto a cysteine residue on the hinge region of the heavy chain. Also theopposite can occur, the IL-22R subunit can be fused to the constantregion of the light chain of an Ig molecule and the IL-20RB subunit canbe fused to the constant region of the heavy chain of an Ig molecule.

In one embodiment of the soluble receptor of the present invention, theIL-22R subunit fused to the constant region of the heavy chain iscomprised of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consistingof SEQ ID NOs: 25, 26, 31 and 32 and the IL-20RB subunit fused to theconstant region of the light chain of the Ig molecule is comprised of anamino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 28and 29.

The present invention is further directed to a method for inhibitinginterleukin-20 (IL-20) comprising administering to an individual asoluble IL-22R/IL-20RB heterodimeric polypeptide.

The present invention is also directed to a method for inhibiting IL-20comprising administering to an antibody that binds to IL-22R.

The present invention is further directed to a polynucleotide encodingfor the extracellular domain of IL-22R and the extracellular domain ofIL-20RB. An example of such a polynucleotide is a vector or plasmidcontaining a polynucleotide that encodes for IL-22R and IL-20RB.

Definitions

Prior to setting forth the invention in more detail, it may be helpfulto the understanding thereof to define the following terms.

The terms “amino-terminal” and “carboxyl-terminal” are used herein todenote positions within polypeptides. Where the context allows, theseterms are used with reference to a particular sequence or portion of apolypeptide to denote proximity or relative position. For example, acertain sequence positioned carboxyl-terminal to a reference sequencewithin a polypeptide is located proximal to the carboxyl terminus of thereference sequence, but is not necessarily at the carboxyl terminus ofthe complete polypeptide.

As used herein, the term “antibody fusion protein” refers to arecombinant molecule that comprises an antibody component and atherapeutic agent. Examples of therapeutic agents suitable for suchfusion proteins include immunomodulators (“antibody-immunomodulatorfusion protein”) and toxins (“antibody-toxin fusion protein”).

The term “complement/anti-complement pair” denotes non-identicalmoieties that form a non-covalently associated, stable pair underappropriate conditions. For instance, biotin and avidin (orstreptavidin) are prototypical members of a complement/anti-complementpair. Other exemplary complement/anti-complement pairs includereceptor/ligand pairs, antibody/antigen (or hapten or epitope) pairs,sense/antisense polynucleotide pairs, and the like. Where subsequentdissociation of the complement/anti-complement pair is desirable, thecomplement/anti-complement pair preferably has a binding affinity of<10⁹ M⁻¹.

The term “complements of a polynucleotide molecule” is a polynucleotidemolecule having a complementary base sequence and reverse orientation ascompared to a reference sequence.

The term “contig” denotes a polynucleotide that has a contiguous stretchof identical or complementary sequence to another polynucleotide.Contiguous sequences are said to “overlap” a given stretch ofpolynucleotide sequence either in their entirety or along a partialstretch of the polynucleotide.

The term “degenerate nucleotide sequence” denotes a sequence ofnucleotides that includes one or more degenerate codons (as compared toa reference polynucleotide molecule that encodes a polypeptide).Degenerate codons contain different triplets of nucleotides, but encodethe same amino acid residue (i.e., GAU and GAC triplets each encodeAsp).

The term “expression vector” is used to denote a DNA molecule, linear orcircular, that comprises a segment encoding a polypeptide of interestoperably linked to additional segments that provide for itstranscription. Such additional segments include promoter and terminatorsequences, and may also include one or more origins of replication, oneor more selectable markers, an enhancer, a polyadenylation signal, etc.Expression vectors are generally derived from plasmid or viral DNA, ormay contain elements of both.

The term “isolated”, when applied to a polynucleotide, denotes that thepolynucleotide has been removed from its natural genetic milieu and isthus free of other extraneous or unwanted coding sequences, and is in aform suitable for use within genetically engineered protein productionsystems. Such isolated molecules are those that are separated from theirnatural environment and include cDNA and genomic clones. Isolated DNAmolecules of the present invention are free of other genes with whichthey are ordinarily associated, but may include naturally occurring 5′and 3′ untranslated regions such as promoters and terminators. Theidentification of associated regions will be evident to one of ordinaryskill in the art (see for example, Dynan and Tijan, Nature 316:774-78(1985).

An “isolated” polypeptide or protein is a polypeptide or protein that isfound in a condition other than its native environment, such as apartfrom blood and animal tissue. In a preferred form, the isolatedpolypeptide is substantially free of other polypeptides, particularlyother polypeptides of animal origin. It is preferred to provide thepolypeptides in a highly purified form, i.e. greater than 95% pure, morepreferably greater than 99% pure. When used in this context, the term“isolated” does not exclude the presence of the same polypeptide inalternative physical forms, such as dimers or alternatively glycosylatedor derivatized forms.

The term “operably linked”, when referring to DNA segments, indicatesthat the segments are arranged so that they function in concert fortheir intended purposes, e.g., transcription initiates in the promoterand proceeds through the coding segment to the terminator.

A “polynucleotide” is a single-or double-stranded polymer ofdeoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide bases read from the 5′ to the 3′end. Polynucleotides include RNA and DNA, and may be isolated fromnatural sources, synthesized in vitro, or prepared from a combination ofnatural and synthetic molecules. Sizes of polynucleotides are expressedas base pairs (abbreviated “bp”), nucleotides (“nt”), or kilobases(“kb”). Where the context allows, the latter two terms may describepolynucleotides that are single-stranded or double-stranded. When theterm is applied to double-stranded molecules it is used to denoteoverall length and will be understood to be equivalent to the term “basepairs”. It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that the twostrands of a double-stranded polynucleotide may differ slightly inlength and that the ends thereof may be staggered as a result ofenzymatic cleavage; thus all nucleotides within a double-strandedpolynucleotide molecule may not be paired. Such unpaired ends will ingeneral not exceed 20 nucleotides in length.

A “polypeptide” is a polymer of amino acid residues joined by peptidebonds, whether produced naturally or synthetically. Polypeptides of lessthan about 10 amino acid residues are commonly referred to as“peptides”.

The term “promoter” is used herein for its art-recognized meaning todenote a portion of a gene containing DNA sequences that provide for thebinding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription. Promotersequences are commonly, but not always, found in the 5′ non-codingregions of genes.

A “protein” is a macromolecule comprising one or more polypeptidechains. A protein may also comprise non-peptidic components, such ascarbohydrate groups. Carbohydrates and other non-peptidic substituentsmay be added to a protein by the cell in which the protein is produced,and will vary with the type of cell. Proteins are defined herein interms of their amino acid backbone structures; substituents such ascarbohydrate groups are generally not specified, but may be presentnonetheless.

The term “receptor” denotes a cell-associated protein that binds to abioactive molecule (i.e., a ligand) and mediates the effect of theligand on the cell. Membrane-bound receptors are characterized by amulti-domain structure comprising an extracellular ligand-binding domainand an intracellular effector domain that is typically involved insignal transduction. Binding of ligand to receptor results in aconformational change in the receptor that causes an interaction betweenthe effector domain and other molecule(s) in the cell. This interactionin turn leads to an alteration in the metabolism of the cell. Metabolicevents that are linked to receptor-ligand interactions include genetranscription, phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, increases in cyclicAMP production, mobilization of cellular calcium, mobilization ofmembrane lipids, cell adhesion, hydrolysis of inositol lipids andhydrolysis of phospholipids. In general, receptors can be membranebound, cytosolic or nuclear, monomeric (e.g., thyroid stimulatinghormone receptor, beta-adrenergic receptor) or multimeric (e.g., PDGFreceptor, growth hormone receptor, IL-3 receptor, GM-CSF receptor, G-CSFreceptor, erythropoietin receptor and IL-6 receptor).

The term “secretory signal sequence” denotes a DNA sequence that encodesa polypeptide (a “secretory peptide”) that, as a component of a largerpolypeptide, directs the larger polypeptide through a secretory pathwayof a cell in which it is synthesized. The larger polypeptide is commonlycleaved to remove the secretory peptide during transit through thesecretory pathway.

The term “splice variant” is used herein to denote alternative forms ofRNA transcribed from a gene. Splice variation arises naturally throughuse of alternative splicing sites within a transcribed RNA molecule, orless commonly between separately transcribed RNA molecules, and mayresult in several mRNAs transcribed from the same gene. Splice variantsmay encode polypeptides having altered amino acid sequence. The termsplice variant is also used herein to denote a protein encoded by asplice variant of an mRNA transcribed from a gene.

Molecular weights and lengths of polymers determined by impreciseanalytical methods (e.g., gel electrophoresis) will be understood to beapproximate values. When such a value is expressed as “about” X or“approximately” X, the stated value of X will be understood to beaccurate to ±10%.

As was stated above, IL-20 (formally called Zcyto10) is defined andmethods for producing it and antibodies to IL-20 are contained inInternational Patent Application No. PCT/US98/25228, publication no. WO99/27103,published Nov. 25, 1998 and U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/313,458 filed May 17, 1999. The polynucleotide and polypeptide ofhuman IL-20 are represented by SEQ ID NOs: 1-4, and mouse IL-20 by SEQID NOs: 5-9.

A receptor that binds to IL-20 has been discovered and is a heterodimercomprised of the polypeptide termed ‘IL-22R’ and a polypeptide termed‘IL-20RB’. The IL-22R, also called ZcytoR11, polypeptide, nucleic acidthat encodes it, antibodies to IL-22R, and methods for producing it aredisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,704 issued Oct. 12, 1999. SEQ ID NOs:10-12 are the IL-22R polynucleotides and polypeptides. The extracellulardomain of the human IL-22R is comprised of either SEQ ID NO: 12 or SEQID NO: 13.

The extracellular domain of IL-20RB (SEQ ID NOs: 14-15, and a variantSEQ ID NOs: 22 and 23) is comprised of a polypeptide selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 16-21. Preferably, the extracellulardomain of the IL-22R polypeptide and the extracellular domain of theIL-20RB polypeptide are covalently linked together. In a preferredembodiment one extracellular subunit polypeptide has a constant regionof a heavy chain of an immunoglobulin fused to its carboxy terminus andthe other extracellular subunit has a constant light chain of animmunoglobulin (Ig) fused to its carboxy terminus such that the twopolypeptides come together to form a soluble receptor and a disulfidebond is formed between the heavy and the light Ig chains. In anotherembodiment, a peptide linker could be fused to the two carboxy-terminiof the polypeptides to form a covalently bonded soluble receptor.

SEQ ID NOs: 24 and 25 are constructs of the extracellular domain ofIL-22R fused to a mutated human immunoglobulin gamma 1 constant region.SEQ ID NO: 26 is the predicted mature sequence without the signalsequence. SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 28 are constructs of the extracellulardomain of IL-20RB fused to wild type human immunoglobulin kappa lightchain constant region. SEQ ID NO: 29 is the predicted mature sequencewithout the signal sequence. FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of theheterotetramer.

SEQ ID NOs: 30 and 31 are constructs of the extracellular domain ofIL-22R fused to a mutated human immunoglobulin gamma 1 constant region.SEQ ID NO: 32 is the predicted mature sequence without the signalsequence. SEQ ID NOs: 33 and 34 are constructs of the extracellulardomain of IL-20RB fused to wild type human immunoglobulin kappa lightchain constant region produced according to the procedure of example 12.SEQ ID NO: 35 is the predicted mature sequence without the signalsequence. The resultant heterotetramer does not have a polypeptidelinker between the extracellular domains and the beginning of the Igconstant regions, 22 in FIG. 1. Hereinafter, the term “extracellulardomain of a receptor” means the extracellular domain of the receptor ora portion of the extracellular domain that is necessary for binding toits ligand, in this case the ligand being IL-20.

One can link together the extracellular domains of IL-22R and IL-20RB ina number of ways such that the resultant soluble receptor can bind toIL-20. FIGS. 1-8 illustrate a representative number of embodiments ofthe present invention. Common elements in each of the drawings are giventhe same number. FIG. 1 represents the embodiment of the presentinvention of SEQ ID NOs: 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29. The soluble receptorconstruct, designated 10, is comprised of two IL-20 binding sitepolypeptide chains designated 12 and 14. Each binding site is comprisedof the extracellular domain of IL-22R, designated 16, and theextracellular domain of IL-20RB designated 18.

The extracellular domain, 16, of IL-22R is linked to the constant heavyone (CH1) domain, 20, of the human immunoglobulin gamma 1 heavy chainconstant region via linker 22, which is SEQ ID NO: 36. The CH1 domain,20, is then linked to the CH2 domain, 24, via hinge region 23. The CH2domain, 24, is linked to the CH3 domain, 26, via hinge region 25.

Comparing the construct of FIG. 1 with SEQ ID NO:25, the matureextracellular domain, 16, of IL-22R extends from amino acid residues 18,a proline, to and including amino acid residue 228, a threonine of SEQID NO:25. Polypeptide linker, 22, extends from amino acid residue 229, aglycine to and including amino acid residue 243, a serine, of SEQ IDNO:25. The CH1 domain, 22 of FIG. 1, extends from amino acid residue244, an alanine, to and including amino acid residue 341, a valine, ofSEQ ID NO: 25. Hinge region 23 of FIG. 1 extends from amino acid residue342, a glutamic acid to and including amino acid residue 356, a proline,of SEQ ID NO: 25. Chains 12 and 14 are disulfide-bonded together bymeans of disulfide bonds 28 and 30. The disulfide bonds are formedbetween the heavy chains by the cysteine residues at positions 352 and356 of SEQ ID NO: 25 of each of the two heavy chains.

Extracellular domain, 18, of IL-20RB is linked to the constant region ofthe human kappa light chain (CL), 34 of FIG. 1 via polypeptide linker32, which is the polypeptide SEQ ID NO: 36. The extracellular domain,18, of IL-20RB extends from amino acid residue 30, a valine, to andincluding amino acid residue 230, an alanine, of SEQ ID NO: 28.Polypeptide linker, 32, extends from amino acid residue 231, a glycine,to and including amino acid residue 245, a serine, of SEQ ID NO: 28. Thekappa constant light region, 34, extends from amino acid residue 246, anarginine, to and including the final amino acid residue 352, a cysteine,of SEQ ID NO: 28. The cysteine at position 352 of SEQ ID NO: 28 forms adisulfide bond, 36 in FIG. 1, with the cysteine at position 346 of SEQID NO: 25. The constant light chain 34 is thus linked to the hingeregion, 23, by disulfide bond, 36. In this way, the extracellulardomain, 16, of IL-22R is linked to the extracellular domain, 18, ofIL-20RB to form a soluble receptor.

If the cysteine residues at positions 352 and 356 of SEQ ID NO: 25 werechanged to different amino acid residues, the two IL-20 bindingpolypeptides, 12 and 14, would not be disulfide bonded together andwould form a construct shown in FIG. 2 having hinge region, 27.

FIG. 3 shows a very simple soluble receptor 38 of the present inventionwherein extracellular domain, 16, of IL-22R is connected to theextracellular domain, 18, of IL-20RB by means of a polypeptide linker,40. The polypeptide linker extends from the amino terminus ofextracellular domain, 16, of IL-22R and is connected to the carboxylterminus of the extracellular domain, 18, of IL-20RB. The polypeptidelinker should be between 100-240 amino acids in length, preferably about170 amino acid residues in length. A suitable linker would be comprisedof glycine and serine residues. A possible linker would be multipleunits of SEQ ID NO: 36, preferably about 12.

FIG. 4 shows an embodiment that has the extracellular domain, 16, ofIL-22R linked to the extracellular domain, 18, of IL-20RB by means oflinker 40, as in FIG. 3. While the extracellular domain, 16, of IL-22Ris linked to the CH1 domain, 20, as in FIG. 1 by means of polypeptidelinker 42, which should be about 30 amino acid residues in length. Anideal linker would be comprised of glycine and serine as in SEQ ID NO:72, and the hinge sequence, 23 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 shows another possible embodiment of the present invention. Inthis embodiment, a polypeptide linker 44 of about 15 amino acid residue,e.g. SEQ ID NO: 36, links the carboxyl terminus of the extracellulardomain, 18, of IL-20RB with the amino terminus of the extracellulardomain, 16, of IL-22R. A polypeptide linker 46 of about 30 amino acidresidues extends from the carboxy terminus of the extracellular domain,16, of IL-22R to the CH2 domain. The carboxyl terminus of linker 46would preferably be comprised of the hinge region extending from aminoacid residue 342, a glutamic acid to and including amino acid residue356, a proline, of SEQ ID NO: 25. Nonetheless, polypeptide linker 46would ideally have at least one cysteine residue at its carboxylterminus so a disulfide bond could be formed.

The soluble IL-20 receptor of FIG. 6 is identical to that of FIG. 1except for the CH3 domain, 26 of FIG. 1, is not present on theembodiment of FIG. 6. The CH3 region begins at amino acid residue 467, aglycine, and extends to the last residue 573 of SEQ ID NO: 25.

FIG. 7 shows a soluble IL-20 receptor construct that is identical to theconstruct of FIG. 1 except both the CH2, and CH3 domains are absent. TheCH2 and CH3 domains run from amino acid residue 357, an alanine, to theend of the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25.

FIG. 8 shows a construct wherein both IL-22R, 16, and IL-20RB have apolypeptide linker, 48, fused to their respective carboxyl termini. Eachpolypeptide linker has two cysteine residues such that when they areexpressed the cysteines form two disulfide bonds, 50 and 52. In thiscase the polypeptide linker is comprised of the hinge region, 23 inFIG. 1. The hinge region is comprised of amino acid residues 342, aglutamic acid, to and including amino acid residue 356 of SEQ ID NO: 25.

In another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for producing asoluble receptor comprised of extracellular domains of IL-22R andIL-20RB comprising (a) introducing into a host cell a first DNA sequencecomprised of a transcriptional promoter operatively linked to a firstsecretory signal sequence followed downstream by and in proper readingframe the DNA that encodes the extracellular portion of IL-22R and theDNA that encodes an immunoglobulin light chain constant region;(b)introducing into the host cell a second DNA construct comprised of atranscriptional promoter operatively linked to a second secretory signalfollowed downstream by and in proper reading frame a DNA sequence thatencodes the extracellular portion of IL-20RB and a DNA sequence thatencodes an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region domain selectedfrom the group consisting of C_(H)1, C_(H)2, C_(H)3 and C_(H)4; (c)growing the host cell in an appropriate growth medium underphysiological conditions to allow the secretion of a fusion proteincomprised of the extracellular domain of IL-22R and IL-20RB; and (d)isolating the polypeptide from the host cell. In one embodiment, thesecond DNA sequence further encodes an immunoglobulin heavy chain hingeregion wherein the hinge region is joined to the heavy chain constantregion domain. In another embodiment, the second DNA sequence furtherencodes an immunoglobulin variable region joined upstream of and inproper reading frame with the immunoglobulin heavy chain constantregion.

In an alternative embodiment, a method is provided for producing asoluble receptor comprised of the extracellular domains of IL-22R andIL-20RB comprising (a) introducing into a host cell a first DNA sequencecomprised of a transcriptional promoter operatively linked to a firstsecretory signal sequence followed downstream by and in proper readingframe the DNA that encodes the extracellular portion of IL-20RB and theDNA that encodes an immunoglobulin light chain constant region;(b)introducing into the host cell a second DNA construct comprised of atranscriptional promoter operatively linked to a second secretory signalfollowed downstream by and in proper reading frame a DNA sequence thatencodes the extracellular portion of IL-22R and a DNA sequence thatencodes an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region domain selectedfrom the group consisting of C_(H)1, C_(H)2, C_(H)3 and C_(H)4; (c)growing the host cell in an appropriate growth medium underphysiological conditions to allow the production of a dimerizedheterodimeric fusion protein comprised of the extracellular domain ofIL-22R and IL-20RB; and (d) isolating the dimerized polypeptide from thehost cell. In one embodiment, the second DNA sequence further encodes animmunoglobulin heavy chain hinge region wherein the hinge region isjoined to the heavy chain constant region domain. In another embodiment,the second DNA sequence further encodes an immunoglobulin variableregion joined upstream of and in proper reading frame with theimmunoglobulin heavy chain constant region. (See U.S. Pat. No.5,843,725.)

In another embodiment, a method is provided for producing a solublereceptor comprised of the extracellular domains of IL-22R and IL-20RBcomprising (a) introducing into a host cell a DNA construct containing aDNA construct that encodes the extracellular portion of IL-20RB and aDNA construct of the extracellular portion of IL-22R, (b) growing thehost cell in an appropriate medium under physiological conditions toallow the production of the extracellular domain of IL-22R and theextracellular domain of IL-20RB; and (d) isolating the polypeptides fromthe host cell.

Other aspects of the present invention include host cells transformed ortransfected with a DNA construct that encodes the extracellular domainof IL-22RB and a DNA construct that encodes the extracellular domain ofIL-20RB. Both constructs can be on one vector or on separate vectors.

A polynucleotide, generally a cDNA sequence, encodes the describedpolypeptides herein. A cDNA sequence that encodes a polypeptide of thepresent invention is comprised of a series of codons, each amino acidresidue of the polypeptide being encoded by a codon and each codon beingcomprised of three nucleotides. The amino acid residues are encoded bytheir respective codons as follows.

-   -   Alanine (Ala) is encoded by GCA, GCC, GCG or GCT.    -   Cysteine (Cys) is encoded by TGC or TGT.    -   Aspartic acid (Asp) is encoded by GAC or GAT.    -   Glutamic acid (Glu) is encoded by GAA or GAG.    -   Phenylalanine (Phe) is encoded by TTC or TTT.    -   Glycine (Gly) is encoded by GGA, GGC, GGG or GGT.    -   Histidine (His) is encoded by CAC or CAT.    -   Isoleucine (Ile) is encoded by ATA, ATC or ATT.    -   Lysine (Lys) is encoded by AAA, or AAG.    -   Leucine (Leu) is encoded by TTA, TTG, CTA, CTC, CTG or CTT.    -   Methionine (Met) is encoded by ATG.    -   Asparagine (Asn) is encoded by AAC or AAT.    -   Proline (Pro) is encoded by CCA, CCC, CCG or CCT.    -   Glutamine (Gin) is encoded by CAA or CAG.    -   Arginine (Arg) is encoded by AGA, AGG, CGA, CGC, CGG or CGT.    -   Serine (Ser) is encoded by AGC, AGT, TCA, TCC, TCG or TCT.    -   Threonine (Thr) is encoded by ACA, ACC, ACG or ACT.    -   Valine (Val) is encoded by GTA, GTC, GTG or GTT.    -   Tryptophan (Trp) is encoded by TGG.    -   Tyrosine (Tyr) is encoded by TAC or TAT.

It is to be recognized that according to the present invention, when apolynucleotide is claimed as described herein, it is understood thatwhat is claimed are both the sense strand, the anti-sense strand, andthe DNA as double-stranded having both the sense and anti-sense strandannealed together by their respective hydrogen bonds. Also claimed isthe messenger RNA (mRNA) that encodes the polypeptides of the presidentinvention, and which mRNA is encoded by the cDNA described herein.Messenger RNA (mRNA) will encode a polypeptide using the same codons asthose defined herein, with the exception that each thymine nucleotide(T) is replaced by a uracil nucleotide (U).

One of ordinary skill in the art will also appreciate that differentspecies can exhibit “preferential codon usage.” In general, see,Grantham, et al., Nuc. Acids Res. 8:1893-1912 (1980); Haas, et al. Curr.Biol. 6:315-324 (1996); Wain-Hobson, et al., Gene 13:355-364 (1981);Grosjean and Fiers, Gene 18:199-209 (1982); Holm, Nuc. Acids Res.14:3075-3087 (1986); Ikemura, J. Mol. Biol. 158:573-597 (1982). As usedherein, the term “preferential codon usage” or “preferential codons” isa term of art referring to protein translation codons that are mostfrequently used in cells of a certain species, thus favoring one or afew representatives of the possible codons encoding each amino acid. Forexample, the amino acid Threonine (Thr) may be encoded by ACA, ACC, ACG,or ACT, but in mammalian cells ACC is the most commonly used codon; inother species, for example, insect cells, yeast, viruses or bacteria,different Thr codons may be preferential. Preferential codons for aparticular species can be introduced into the polynucleotides of thepresent invention by a variety of methods known in the art. Introductionof preferential codon sequences into recombinant DNA can, for example,enhance production of the protein by making protein translation moreefficient within a particular cell type or species. Sequences containingpreferential codons can be tested and optimized for expression invarious species, and tested for functionality as disclosed herein.

Methods for synthesizing amino acids and aminoacylating tRNA are knownin the art. Transcription and translation of plasmids containingnonsense mutations is carried out in a cell-free system comprising an E.coli S30 extract and commercially available enzymes and other reagents.Proteins are purified by chromatography. See, for example, Robertson etal., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113:2722 (1991); Ellman et al., Methods Enzymol.202:301 (1991; Chung et al., Science 259:806-809 (1993); and Chung etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10145-1019 (1993). In a secondmethod, translation is carried out in Xenopus oocytes by microinjectionof mutated mRNA and chemically aminoacylated suppressor tRNAs, Turcattiet al., J. Biol. Chem. 271:19991-19998 (1996). Within a third method, E.coli cells are cultured in the absence of a natural amino acid that isto be replaced (e.g., phenylalanine) and in the presence of the desirednon-naturally occurring amino acid(s) (e.g., 2-azaphenylalanine,3-azaphenylalanine, 4-azaphenylalanine, or 4-fluorophenylalanine). Thenon-naturally occurring amino acid is incorporated into the protein inplace of its natural counterpart. See, Koide et al., Biochem.33:7470-7476 (1994). Naturally occurring amino acid residues can beconverted to non-naturally occurring species by in vitro chemicalmodification. Chemical modification can be combined with site-directedmutagenesis to further expand the range of substitutions, Wynn andRichards, Protein Sci. 2:395-403 (1993).

A limited number of non-conservative amino acids, amino acids that arenot encoded by the genetic code, non-naturally occurring amino acids,and unnatural amino acids may be substituted for amino acid residues.

Essential amino acids in the polypeptides of the present invention canbe identified according to procedures known in the art, such assite-directed mutagenesis or alanine-scanning mutagenesis, Cunninghamand Wells, Science 244: 1081-1085 (1989); Bass et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 88:4498-502 (1991). In the latter technique, single alaninemutations are introduced at every residue in the molecule, and theresultant mutant molecules are tested for biological activity asdisclosed below to identify amino acid residues that are critical to theactivity of the molecule. See also, Hilton et al., J. Biol. Chem.271:4699-708, 1996. Sites of ligand-receptor interaction can also bedetermined by physical analysis of structure, as determined by suchtechniques as nuclear magnetic resonance, crystallography, electrondiffraction or photoaffinity labeling, in conjunction with mutation ofputative contact site amino acids. See, for example, de Vos et al.,Science 255:306-312 (1992); Smith et al., J. Mol. Biol. 224:899-904(1992); Wlodaver et al., FEBS Lett. 309:59-64 (1992).

Multiple amino acid substitutions can be made and tested using knownmethods of mutagenesis and screening, such as those disclosed byReidhaar-Olson and Sauer, Science 241:53-57 (1988) or Bowie and Sauer,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:2152-2156 (1989). Briefly, these authorsdisclose methods for simultaneously randomizing two or more positions ina polypeptide, selecting for functional polypeptide, and then sequencingthe mutagenized polypeptides to determine the spectrum of allowablesubstitutions at each position. Other methods that can be used includephage display, e.g., Lowman et al., Biochem. 30:10832-10837 (1991);Ladner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409; Huse, WIPO Publication WO92/06204) and region-directed mutagenesis, Derbyshire et al., Gene46:145 (1986); Ner et al., DNA 7:127 (1988).

Variants of the disclosed IL-20, IL-22R and IL-20RB DNA and polypeptidesequences can be generated through DNA shuffling as disclosed byStemmer, Nature 370:389-391, (1994), Stemmer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA91:10747-10751 (1994) and WIPO Publication WO 97/20078. Briefly, variantDNAs are generated by in vitro homologous recombination by randomfragmentation of a parent DNA followed by reassembly using PCR,resulting in randomly introduced point mutations. This technique can bemodified by using a family of parent DNAs, such as allelic variants orDNAs from different species, to introduce additional variability intothe process. Selection or screening for the desired activity, followedby additional iterations of mutagenesis and assay provides for rapid“evolution” of sequences by selecting for desirable mutations whilesimultaneously selecting against detrimental changes.

Mutagenesis methods as disclosed herein can be combined withhigh-throughput, automated screening methods to detect activity ofcloned, mutagenized polypeptides in host cells. Mutagenized DNAmolecules that encode active polypeptides can be recovered from the hostcells and rapidly sequenced using modern equipment. These methods allowthe rapid determination of the importance of individual amino acidresidues in a polypeptide of interest, and can be applied topolypeptides of unknown structure.

Protein Production

Polypeptides can be produced in genetically engineered host cellsaccording to conventional techniques. Suitable host cells are those celltypes that can be transformed or transfected with exogenous DNA andgrown in culture, and include bacteria, fungal cells, and culturedhigher eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells, particularly cultured cellsof multicellular organisms, are preferred. Techniques for manipulatingcloned DNA molecules and introducing exogenous DNA into a variety ofhost cells are disclosed by Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: ALaboratory Manual, 2nd ed., (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ColdSpring Harbor, N.Y., 1989), and Ausubel et al., eds., Current Protocolsin Molecular Biology (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY, 1987).

In general, a DNA sequence encoding a polypeptide is operably linked toother genetic elements required for its expression, generally includinga transcription promoter and terminator, within an expression vector.The vector will also commonly contain one or more selectable markers andone or more origins of replication, although those skilled in the artwill recognize that within certain systems selectable markers may beprovided on separate vectors, and replication of the exogenous DNA maybe provided by integration into the host cell genome. Selection ofpromoters, terminators, selectable markers, vectors and other elementsis a matter of routine design within the level of ordinary skill in theart. Many such elements are described in the literature and areavailable through commercial suppliers.

To direct a polypeptide into the secretory pathway of a host cell, asecretory signal sequence (also known as a leader sequence, preprosequence or pre sequence) is provided in the expression vector. Thesecretory signal sequence may be that of the native polypeptides, or maybe derived from another secreted protein (e.g., t-PA) or synthesized denovo. The secretory signal sequence is operably linked to the DNAsequence, i.e., the two sequences are joined in the correct readingframe and positioned to direct the newly synthesized polypeptide intothe secretory pathway of the host cell. Secretory signal sequences arecommonly positioned 5′ to the DNA sequence encoding the polypeptide ofinterest, although certain secretory signal sequences may be positionedelsewhere in the DNA sequence of interest (see, e.g., Welch et al., U.S.Pat. No. 5,037,743; Holland et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,830).

Alternatively, the secretory signal sequence contained in thepolypeptides of the present invention is used to direct otherpolypeptides into the secretory pathway. The present invention providesfor such fusion polypeptides. The secretory signal sequence contained inthe fusion polypeptides of the present invention is preferably fusedamino-terminally to an additional peptide to direct the additionalpeptide into the secretory pathway. Such constructs have numerousapplications known in the art. For example, these novel secretory signalsequence fusion constructs can direct the secretion of an activecomponent of a normally non-secreted protein, such as a receptor. Suchfusions may be used in vivo or in vitro to direct peptides through thesecretory pathway.

Cultured mammalian cells are suitable hosts within the presentinvention. Methods for introducing exogenous DNA into mammalian hostcells include calcium phosphate-mediated transfection, Wigler et al.,Cell 14:725 (1978), Corsaro and Pearson, Somatic Cell Genetics 7:603(1981); Graham and Van der Eb, Virology 52:456 (1973), electroporation,Neumann et al., EMBO J. 1:841-845 (1982), DEAE-dextran mediatedtransfection (Ausubel et al., ibid., and liposome-mediated transfection,Hawley-Nelson et al., Focus 15:73 (1993); Ciccarone et al., Focus 15:80(1993), and viral vectors, Miller and Rosman, BioTechniques 7:980(1989);Wang and Finer, Nature Med. 2:714 (1996). The production of recombinantpolypeptides in cultured mammalian cells is disclosed, for example, byLevinson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,713,339; Hagen et al., U.S. Pat. No.4,784,950; Palmiter et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,579,821; and Ringold, U.S.Pat. No. 4,656,134. Suitable cultured mammalian cells include the COS-1(ATCC No. CRL 1650), COS-7 (ATCC No. CRL 1651), BHK (ATCC No. CRL 1632),BHK 570 (ATCC No. CRL 10314), 293 (ATCC No. CRL 1573; Graham et al., J.Gen. Virol. 36:59 (1977) and Chinese hamster ovary (e.g. CHO-K1; ATCCNo. CCL 61) cell lines. Additional suitable cell lines are known in theart and available from public depositories such as the American TypeCulture Collection, Rockville, Md. In general, strong transcriptionpromoters are preferred, such as promoters from SV-40 orcytomegalovirus. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,956,288. Other suitablepromoters include those from metallothionein genes (U.S. Pat. Nos.4,579,821 and 4,601,978) and the adenovirus major late promoter.

Drug selection is generally used to select for cultured mammalian cellsinto which foreign DNA has been inserted. Such cells are commonlyreferred to as “transfectants”. Cells that have been cultured in thepresence of the selective agent and are able to pass the gene ofinterest to their progeny are referred to as “stable transfectants.” Apreferred selectable marker is a gene encoding resistance to theantibiotic neomycin. Selection is carried out in the presence of aneomycin-type drug, such as G-418 or the like. Selection systems canalso be used to increase the expression level of the gene of interest, aprocess referred to as “amplification.” Amplification is carried out byculturing transfectants in the presence of a low level of the selectiveagent and then increasing the amount of selective agent to select forcells that produce high levels of the products of the introduced genes.A preferred amplifiable selectable marker is dihydrofolate reductase,which confers resistance to methotrexate. Other drug resistance genes(e.g. hygromycin resistance, multi-drug resistance, puromycinacetyltransferase) can also be used. Alternative markers that introducean altered phenotype, such as green fluorescent protein, or cell surfaceproteins such as CD4, CD8, Class I MHC, placental alkaline phosphatasemay be used to sort transfected cells from untransfected cells by suchmeans as FACS sorting or magnetic bead separation technology.

Other higher eukaryotic cells can also be used as hosts, including plantcells, insect cells and avian cells. The use of Agrobacterium rhizogenesas a vector for expressing genes in plant cells has been reviewed bySinkar et al., J. Biosci. (Bangalore) 11:47 (1987). Transformation ofinsect cells and production of foreign polypeptides therein is disclosedby Guarino et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,222 and WIPO publication WO94/06463. Insect cells can be infected with recombinant baculovirus,commonly derived from Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus(AcNPV). DNA encoding a polypeptide is inserted into the baculoviralgenome in place of the AcNPV polyhedrin gene coding sequence by one oftwo methods. The first is the traditional method of homologous DNArecombination between wild-type AcNPV and a transfer vector containingthe gene flanked by AcNPV sequences. Suitable insect cells, e.g. SF9cells, are infected with wild-type AcNPV and transfected with a transfervector comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to an AcNPVpolyhedrin gene promoter, terminator, and flanking sequences. See, King,L. A. and Possee, R. D., The Baculovirus Expression System: A LaboratoryGuide, (Chapman & Hall, London); O'Reilly, D. R. et al., BaculovirusExpression Vectors: A Laboratory Manual (Oxford University Press, NewYork, N.Y., 1994); and, Richardson, C. D., Ed., Baculovirus ExpressionProtocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, (Humana Press, Totowa, N.J.1995). Natural recombination within an insect cell will result in arecombinant baculovirus that contains coding sequences driven by thepolyhedrin promoter. Recombinant viral stocks are made by methodscommonly used in the art.

The second method of making recombinant baculovirus utilizes atransposon-based system described by Luckow, V. A, et al., J Virol67:4566 (1993). This system is sold in the Bac-to-Bac kit (LifeTechnologies, Rockville, Md.). This system utilizes a transfer vector,pFastBac1™ (Life Technologies) containing a Tn7 transposon to move theDNA encoding the polypeptide into a baculovirus genome maintained in E.coli as a large plasmid called a “bacmid.” The pFastBac1™ transfervector utilizes the AcNPV polyhedrin promoter to drive the expression ofthe gene of interest. However, pFastBac1™ can be modified to aconsiderable degree. The polyhedrin promoter can be removed andsubstituted with the baculovirus basic protein promoter (also known asPcor, p6.9 or MP promoter), which is expressed earlier in thebaculovirus infection, and has been shown to be advantageous forexpressing secreted proteins. See, Hill-Perkins, M. S. and Possee, R.D., J Gen Virol 71:971 (1990); Bonning, B. C. et al., J Gen Virol75:1551 (1994); and, Chazenbalk, G. D., and Rapoport, B., J Biol Chem270:1543 (1995). In such transfer vector constructs, a short or longversion of the basic protein promoter can be used. Moreover, transfervectors can be constructed that replace the native secretory signalsequences with secretory signal sequences derived from insect proteins.For example, a secretory signal sequence from EcdysteroidGlucosyltransferase (EGT), honey bee Melittin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad,Calif.), or baculovirus gp67 (PharMingen, San Diego, Calif.) can be usedin constructs to replace the native secretory signal sequence. Inaddition, transfer vectors can include an in-frame fusion with DNAencoding an epitope tag at the C-or N-terminus of the expressedpolypeptide, for example, a Glu-Glu epitope tag, Grussenmeyer, T. etal., Proc Natl Acad Sci. 82:7952 (1985). Using a technique known in theart, a transfer vector containing a recombinant gene is transformed intoE. coli, and screened for bacmids that contain an interrupted lacZ geneindicative of recombinant baculovirus. The bacmid DNA containing therecombinant baculovirus genome is isolated, using common techniques, andused to transfect Spodoptera frugiperda cells, e.g. Sf9 cells.Recombinant virus that expresses the polypeptide is subsequentlyproduced. Recombinant viral stocks are made by methods commonly used theart.

The recombinant virus is used to infect host cells, typically a cellline derived from the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. See, ingeneral, Glick and Pasternak, Molecular Biotechnology: Principles andApplications of Recombinant DNA (ASM Press, Washington, D.C., 1994).Another suitable cell line is the High FiveO™ cell line (Invitrogen)derived from Trichoplusia ni (U.S. Pat. No. 5,300,435). Commerciallyavailable serum-free media are used to grow and maintain the cells.Suitable media are Sf900 II™ (Life Technologies) or ESF 921™ (ExpressionSystems) for the Sf9 cells; and Ex-cellO405™ (JRH Biosciences, Lenexa,Kans.) or Express FiveO™ (Life Technologies) for the T. ni cells. Thecells are grown up from an inoculation density of approximately 2-5×10⁵cells to a density of 1-2×10⁶ cells at which time a recombinant viralstock is added at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1 to 10, moretypically near 3. The recombinant virus-infected cells typically producethe recombinant polypeptide at 12-72 hours post-infection and secrete itwith varying efficiency into the medium. The culture is usuallyharvested 48 hours post-infection. Centrifugation is used to separatethe cells from the medium (supernatant). The supernatant containing thepolypeptide is filtered through micropore filters, usually 0.45 μm poresize. Procedures used are generally described in available laboratorymanuals (King, L. A. and Possee, R. D., ibid., O'Reilly, D. R. et al.,ibid.; Richardson, C. D., ibid.). Subsequent purification of thepolypeptide from the supernatant can be achieved using methods describedherein.

Fungal cells, including yeast cells, can also be used within the presentinvention. Yeast species of particular interest in this regard includeSaccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, and Pichia methanolica.Methods for transforming S. cerevisiae cells with exogenous DNA andproducing recombinant polypeptides therefrom are disclosed by, forexample, Kawasaki, U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,311; Kawasaki et al., U.S. Pat.No. 4,931,373; Brake, U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,008; Welch et al., U.S. Pat.No. 5,037,743; and Murray et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,845,075. Transformedcells are selected by phenotype determined by the selectable marker,commonly drug resistance or the ability to grow in the absence of aparticular nutrient (e.g., leucine). A preferred vector system for usein Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the POT1 vector system disclosed byKawasaki et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,373), which allows transformedcells to be selected by growth in glucose-containing media. Suitablepromoters and terminators for use in yeast include those from glycolyticenzyme genes (see, e.g., Kawasaki, U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,311; Kingsman etal., U.S. Pat. No. 4,615,974; and Bitter, U.S. Pat. No. 4,977,092) andalcohol dehydrogenase genes. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,990,446;5,063,154; 5,139,936 and 4,661,454. Transformation systems for otheryeasts, including Hansenula polymorpha, Schizosaccharomyces pombe,Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces fragilis, Ustilago maydis, Pichiapastoris, Pichia methanolica, Pichia guillermondii and Candida maltosaare known in the art. See, for example, Gleeson et al., J. Gen.Microbiol. 132:3459 (1986) and Cregg, U.S. Pat. No. 4,882,279.Aspergillus cells may be utilized according to the methods of McKnightet al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,349. Methods for transforming Acremoniumchrysogenum are disclosed by Sumino et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,228.Methods for transforming Neurospora are disclosed by Lambowitz, U.S.Pat. No. 4,486,533.

The use of Pichia methanolica as host for the production of recombinantproteins is disclosed in WIPO Publications WO 97/17450, WO 97/17451, WO98/02536, and WO 98/02565. DNA molecules for use in transforming P.methanolica will commonly be prepared as double-stranded, circularplasmids, which are preferably linearized prior to transformation. Forpolypeptide production in P. methanolica, it is preferred that thepromoter and terminator in the plasmid be that of a P. methanolica gene,such as a P. methanolica alcohol utilization gene (AUG1 or AUG2). Otheruseful promoters include those of the dihydroxyacetone synthase (DHAS),formate dehydrogenase (FMD), and catalase (CAT) genes. To facilitateintegration of the DNA into the host chromosome, it is preferred to havethe entire expression segment of the plasmid flanked at both ends byhost DNA sequences. A preferred selectable marker for use in Pichiamethanolica is a P. methanolica ADE2 gene, which encodesphosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole carboxylase (ARC; EC 4.1.1.21), whichallows ade2 host cells to grow in the absence of adenine. Forlarge-scale, industrial processes where it is desirable to minimize theuse of methanol, it is preferred to use host cells in which bothmethanol utilization genes (AUG1 and AUG2) are deleted. For productionof secreted proteins, host cells deficient in vacuolar protease genes(PEP4 and PRB1) are preferred. Electroporation is used to facilitate theintroduction of a plasmid containing DNA encoding a polypeptide ofinterest into P. methanolica cells. It is preferred to transform P.methanolica cells by electroporation using an exponentially decaying,pulsed electric field having a field strength of from 2.5 to 4.5 kV/cm,preferably about 3.75 kV/cm, and a time constant (t) of from 1 to 40milliseconds, most preferably about 20 milliseconds.

Prokaryotic host cells, including strains of the bacteria Escherichiacoli, Bacillus and other genera are also useful host cells within thepresent invention. Techniques for transforming these hosts andexpressing foreign DNA sequences cloned therein are well known in theart; see, e.g., Sambrook et al., ibid.). When expressing a polypeptidein bacteria such as E. coli, the polypeptide may be retained in thecytoplasm, typically as insoluble granules, or may be directed to theperiplasmic space by a bacterial secretion sequence. In the former case,the cells are lysed, and the granules are recovered and denatured using,for example, guanidine isothiocyanate or urea. The denatured polypeptidecan then be refolded and dimerized by diluting the denaturant, such asby dialysis against a solution of urea and a combination of reduced andoxidized glutathione, followed by dialysis against a buffered salinesolution. In the latter case, the polypeptide can be recovered from theperiplasmic space in a soluble and functional form by disrupting thecells (by, for example, sonication or osmotic shock) to release thecontents of the periplasmic space and recovering the protein, therebyobviating the need for denaturation and refolding.

Transformed or transfected host cells are cultured according toconventional procedures in a culture medium containing nutrients andother components required for the growth of the chosen host cells. Avariety of suitable media, including defined media and complex media,are known in the art and generally include a carbon source, a nitrogensource, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Media may alsocontain such components as growth factors or serum, as required. Thegrowth medium will generally select for cells containing the exogenouslyadded DNA by, for example, drug selection or deficiency in an essentialnutrient, which is complemented by the selectable marker carried on theexpression vector or co-transfected into the host cell. P. methanolicacells are cultured in a medium comprising adequate sources of carbon,nitrogen and trace nutrients at a temperature of about 25° C. to 35° C.Liquid cultures are provided with sufficient aeration by conventionalmeans, such as shaking of small flasks or sparging of fermentors. Apreferred culture medium for P. methanolica is YEPD (2% D-glucose, 2%Bacto™ Peptone (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.), 1% Bacto™ yeastextract (Difco Laboratories), 0.004% adenine and 0.006% L-leucine).

Protein Isolation

It is preferred to purify the polypeptides of the present invention to≧80% purity, more preferably to ≧90% purity, even more preferably ≧95%purity, and particularly preferred is a pharmaceutically pure state,that is greater than 99.9% pure with respect to contaminatingmacromolecules, particularly other proteins and nucleic acids, and freeof infectious and pyrogenic agents. Preferably, a purified polypeptideis substantially free of other polypeptides, particularly otherpolypeptides of animal origin.

Expressed recombinant polypeptides (or chimeric polypeptides) can bepurified using fractionation and/or conventional purification methodsand media. Ammonium sulfate precipitation and acid or chaotropeextraction may be used for fractionation of samples. Exemplarypurification steps may include hydroxyapatite, size exclusion, FPLC andreverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Suitablechromatographic media include derivatized dextrans, agarose, cellulose,polyacrylamide, specialty silicas, and the like. PEI, DEAE, QAE and Qderivatives are preferred. Exemplary chromatographic media include thosemedia derivatized with phenyl, butyl, or octyl groups, such asPhenyl-Sepharose FF (Pharmacia), Toyopearl butyl 650 (Toso Haas,Montgomeryville, Pa.), Octyl-Sepharose (Pharmacia) and the like; orpolyacrylic resins, such as Amberchrom CG 71 (Toso Haas) and the like.Suitable solid supports include glass beads, silica-based resins,cellulosic resins, agarose beads, cross-linked agarose beads,polystyrene beads, cross-linked polyacrylamide resins and the like thatare insoluble under the conditions in which they are to be used. Thesesupports may be modified with reactive groups that allow attachment ofproteins by amino groups, carboxyl groups, sulfhydryl groups, hydroxylgroups and/or carbohydrate moieties. Examples of coupling chemistriesinclude cyanogen bromide activation, N-hydroxysuccinimide activation,epoxide activation, sulfhydryl activation, hydrazide activation, andcarboxyl and amino derivatives for carbodiimide coupling chemistries.These and other solid media are well known and widely used in the art,and are available from commercial suppliers. Methods for bindingreceptor polypeptides to support media are well known in the art.Selection of a particular method is a matter of routine design and isdetermined in part by the properties of the chosen support. See, forexample, Affinity Chromatography: Principles & Methods (Pharmacia LKBBiotechnology, Uppsala, Sweden, 1988).

Polypeptides can be isolated by exploitation of their properties. Forexample, immobilized metal ion adsorption (IMAC) chromatography can beused to purify histidine-rich proteins, including those comprisingpolyhistidine tags. Briefly, a gel is first charged with divalent metalions to form a chelate, Sulkowski, Trends in Biochem. 3:1 (1985).Histidine-rich proteins will be adsorbed to this matrix with differingaffinities, depending upon the metal ion used, and will be eluted bycompetitive elution, lowering the pH, or use of strong chelating agents.Other methods of purification include purification of glycosylatedproteins by lectin affinity chromatography and ion exchangechromatography. A protein fused to the Fc portion of an immunoglobulincan be purified using a ‘Protein A column’. Methods in Enzymol., Vol.182, “Guide to Protein Purification”, M. Deutscher, (ed.),page 529-539(Acad. Press, San Diego, 1990). Within additional embodiments of theinvention, a fusion of the polypeptide of interest and an affinity tag(e.g., maltose-binding protein, an immunoglobulin domain) may beconstructed to facilitate purification.

As used herein, the term “antibodies” includes polyclonal antibodies,affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, andantigen-binding fragments, such as F(ab′)₂ and Fab proteolyticfragments. Genetically engineered intact antibodies or fragments, suchas chimeric antibodies, Fv fragments, single chain antibodies and thelike, as well as synthetic antigen-binding peptides and polypeptides,are also included. Non-human antibodies may be humanized by graftingnon-human CDRs onto human framework and constant regions, or byincorporating the entire non-human variable domains (optionally“cloaking” them with a human-like surface by replacement of exposedresidues, wherein the result is a “veneered” antibody). In someinstances, humanized antibodies may retain non-human residues within thehuman variable region framework domains to enhance proper bindingcharacteristics. Through humanizing antibodies, biological half-life maybe increased, and the potential for adverse immune reactions uponadministration to humans is reduced.

A variety of assays known to those skilled in the art can be utilized todetect antibodies that bind to protein or peptide. Exemplary assays aredescribed in detail in Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Harlow and Lane(Eds.) (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1988). Representativeexamples of such assays include: concurrent immunoelectrophoresis,radioimmunoassay, radioimmuno-precipitation, enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA), dot blot or Western blot assay, inhibition or competitionassay, and sandwich assay.

The soluble receptors of the present invention can be used todown-regulate IL-20, which has been shown to be involved in a number ofinflammatory processes. Specifically, IL-20 has been shown toup-regulate IL-8. Inflammatory diseases in which IL-8 plays asignificant role, and for which a decrease in IL-8 would be beneficialare, adult respiratory disease (ARD), septic shock, multiple organfailure, inflammatory lung injury such as asthma or bronchitis,bacterial pneumonia, psoriasis, eczema, atopic and contact dermatitis,and inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn'sdisease. Thus, the soluble receptor to IL-20 of the present inventioncan be administered to a patient to treat these diseases.

Biology of IL-20, Its Receptor and Its Role in Psoriasis

Two orphan class II cytokine receptors, both of which are expressed inskin, were identified as IL-20 receptor subunits. Both IL-20 receptorsubunits are required for ligand binding, distinguishing their role fromthat of subunits in the four other known class II cytokine receptors.IL-22R and IL-20RB are also coexpressed in a number of human tissuesbesides skin, including ovary, adrenal gland, testis, salivary gland,muscle, lung, kidney, heart and to a lesser degree the small intestinesuggesting additional target tissues for IL-20 action. We conclude thatthe IL-20 heterodimeric receptor is structurally similar to other classII cytokine receptors and is expressed in skin where we havedemonstrated activity of the IL-20 ligand.

Two lines of evidence indicate that a role IL-20 and its receptor areinvolved in psoriasis. This multigenic skin disease is characterized byincreased keratinocyte proliferation, altered keratinocytedifferentiation, and infiltration of immune cells into the skin. Thefirst line of evidence for a role of IL-20 in psoriasis is that theobserved hyperkeratosis and thickened epidermis in the transgenic micethat resemble human psoriatic abnormalities. Decreased numbers oftonofilaments, thought to be related to defective keratinization, are astriking feature of human psoriasis. Intramitochondrial inclusions havebeen found in both chemically induced and naturally occurringhyperplastic skin conditions in mice. The cause of the inclusions andtheir effects on mitochondrial function, if any, are unknown. Weconclude that IL-20 transgenic mice exhibit many of the characteristicsobserved in human psoriasis.

Use of Antagonist to IL-20 to Treat Psoriasis

As indicated in the discussion above and the examples below, IL-20 isinvolved in the pathology of psoriasis. Thus, the soluble receptors ofthe present invention can be administered to an individual todown-regulate IL-20 and thus treat psoriasis.

Psoriasis is one of the most common dermatologic diseases, affecting upto 1 to 2 percent of the world's population. It is a chronicinflammatory skin disorder characterized by erythematous, sharplydemarcated papules and rounded plaques, covered by silvery micaceousscale. The skin lesions of psoriasis are variably pruritic. Traumatizedareas often develop lesions of psoriasis. Additionally, other externalfactors may exacerbate psoriasis including infections, stress, andmedications, e.g. lithium, beta blockers, and anti-malarials.

The most common variety of psoriasis is called plaque type. Patientswith plaque-type psoriasis will have stable, slowly growing plaques,which remain basically unchanged for long periods of time. The mostcommon areas for plaque psoriasis to occur are the elbows knees, glutealcleft, and the scalp. Involvement tends to be symmetrical. Inversepsoriasis affects the intertriginous regions including the axilla,groin, submammary region, and navel, and it also tends to affect thescalp, palms, and soles. The individual lesions are sharply demarcatedplaques but may be moist due to their location. Plaque-type psoriasisgenerally develops slowly and runs an indolent course. It rarelyspontaneously remits.

Eruptive psoriasis (guttate psoriasis) is most common in children andyoung adults. It develops acutely in individuals without psoriasis or inthose with chronic plaque psoriasis. Patients present with many smallerythematous, scaling papules, frequently after upper respiratory tractinfection with beta-hemolytic streptococci. Patients with psoriasis mayalso develop pustular lesions. These may be localized to the palms andsoles or may be generalized and associated with fever, malaise,diarrhea, and arthralgias.

About half of all patients with psoriasis have fingernail involvement,appearing as punctate pitting, nail thickening or subungualhyperkeratosis. About 5 to 10 percent of patients with psoriasis haveassociated joint complaints, and these are most often found in patientswith fingernail involvement. Although some have the coincidentoccurrence of classic Although some have the coincident occurrence ofclassic rheumatoid arthritis, many have joint disease that falls intoone of five type associated with psoriasis: (1) disease limited to asingle or a few small joints (70 percent of cases); (2) a seronegativerheumatoid arthritis-like disease; (3) involvement of the distalinterphalangeal joints; (4) severe destructive arthritis with thedevelopment of “arthritis mutilans”; and (5) disease limited to thespine.

Psoriasis can be treated by administering antagonists to IL-20. Thepreferred antagonists are either a soluble receptor to IL-20 orantibodies, antibody fragments or single chain antibodies that bind toeither the IL-20 receptor or to IL-20. The antagonists to IL-20 can beadministered alone or in combination with other established therapiessuch as lubricants, keratolytics, topical corticosteroids, topicalvitamin D derivatives, anthralin, systemic antimetabolites such asmethotrexate, psoralen-ultraviolet-light therapy (PUVA), etretinate,isotretinoin, cyclosporine, and the topical vitamin D3 derivativecalcipotriol. The antagonists, in particularly the soluble receptor orthe antibodies that bind to IL-20 or the IL-20 receptor can beadministered to individual subcutaneously, intravenously, ortransdermally using a cream or transdermal patch that contains theantagonist of IL-20. If administered subcutaneously, the antagonist canbe injected into one or more psoriatic plaques. If administeredtransdermally, the antagonists can be administered directly on theplaques using a cream containing the antagonist to IL-20.

Use of Antagonists to IL-20 to Treat Inflammatory Conditions of theLung.

A soluble receptor of IL-20 of the present invention can be administeredto a person who has asthma, bronchitis or cystic fibrosis or otherinflammatory lung disease to treat the disease. The antagonists can beadministered by any suitable method including intravenous, subcutaneous,bronchial lavage, and the use of inhalant containing an antagonist toIL-20.

Administration of the IL-20 Soluble Receptor

The quantities of the IL-20 soluble necessary for effective therapy willdepend upon many different factors, including means of administration,target site, physiological state of the patient, and other medicationsadministered. Thus, treatment dosages should be titrated to optimizesafety and efficacy. Typically, dosages used in vitro may provide usefulguidance in the amounts useful for in vivo administration of thesereagents. Animal testing of effective doses for treatment of particulardisorders will provide further predictive indication of human dosage.Methods for administration include oral, intravenous, peritoneal,intramuscular, transdermal or administration into the lung or trachea inspray form by means or a nebulizer or atomizer. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers will include water, saline, buffers to name just afew. Dosage ranges would ordinarily be expected from 1 μg to 1000 μg perkilogram of body weight per day. A dosage for an average adult of theIL-20 soluble receptor would be about 25 mg given twice weekly as asubcutaneous injection. Injections could be given at the site ofpsoriatic lesions for the treatment of psoriasis. For subcutaneous orintravenous administration of the antagonist to IL-20, the antibody orsoluble receptor can be in phosphate buffered saline. Also in skindiseases such as psoriasis, the antagonist to IL-20 can be administeredvia an ointment or transdermal patch. The doses by may be higher orlower as can be determined by a medical doctor with ordinary skill inthe art. For a complete discussion of drug formulations and dosageranges see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18^(th) Ed., (MackPublishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1996), and Goodman and Gilman's: ThePharmacological Bases of Therapeutics, 9^(th) Ed. (Pergamon Press 1996).

The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limitingexamples:

EXAMPLE 1 Up-regulation of IL-8 by IL-20

Methods:

Normal Human Epidermal neonatal keratinocytes (NHEK) (from Clonetics) atpassage 2 were plated and grown to confluency in 12 well tissue cultureplates. KGM (Keratinocyte growth media) was purchased from Clonetics.When cells reached confluency, they were washed with KGM media minusgrowth factors=KBM (keratinocyte basal media). Cells were serum starvedin KBM for 72 hours prior to the addition of test compounds. Thrombin at1 I.U./mL and trypsin at 25 nM were used as positive controls. One mL ofmedia/well was added. KBM only was used as the negative control.

IL-20 was made up in KBM media and added at varying concentrations, from2.5 μg/ml down to 618 ng/mL in a first experiment and from 2.5 μg/mLdown to 3 ng/mL in a second experiment.

Cells were incubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂ for 48 hours. Supernatants wereremoved and frozen at −80° C. for several days prior to assaying forIL-8 and GM-CSF levels. Human IL-8 Immunoassay kit #D8050 (RandDSystems, Inc.) and human GM-CSF Immunoassay kit #HSGMO (RandD Systems,Inc.) were used to determine cytokine production followingmanufacturer's instructions.

Results

The results indicated that the expression of IL-8 and GM-CSF wereinduced by IL-20.

EXAMPLE 2 Cloning of IL-20RB

Cloning of IL-20RB Coding Region

Two PCR primers were designed based on the sequence from InternationalPatent Application No. PCT/US99/03735 (publication no. WO 99/46379)filed on Mar. 8, 1999. SEQ ID NO: 38 contains the ATG (Met1) codon withan EcoRI restriction site, SEQ ID NO: 37 contains the stop codon (TAG)with an XhoI restriction site. The PCR amplification was carried outusing a human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cDNA library DNA as a template andSEQ ID NO: 37 and SEQ ID NO: 38 as primers. The PCR reaction wasperformed as follows: incubation at 94° C. for 1 min followed by 30cycles of 94° C. for 30 sec and 68° C. for 2 min, after additional 68°C. for 4 min, the reaction was stored at 4° C. The PCR products were runon 1% Agarose gel, and a 1 kb DNA band was observed. The PCR productswere cut from the gel and the DNA was purified using a QIAquick GelExtraction Kit (Qiagen). The purified DNA was digested with EcoRI andXhoI, and cloned into a pZP vector that was called pZP7N. A pZP plasmidis a mammalian expression vector containing an expression cassettehaving the mouse metallothionein-1 promoter, human tPA leader peptide,multiple restriction sites for insertion of coding sequences, a Glu-Glutag, and a human growth hormone terminator. The plasmid also has an E.coli origin of replication, a mammalian selectable marker expressionunit having an SV40 promoter, an enhancer and an origin of replication,as well as a DHFR gene, and the SV40 terminator. Several IL-20RB-pZP7Nclones were sequenced. They all contain three non-conservative mutationscompared with the sequence of IL-20RB in PCT/US99/03735: (sequenceIL-20RB-pZP7N), 146 Pro (CCC)-Thr (ACC), 148 His (CAT)-Asp (GAT), and171 Thr (ACG)-Arg (AGG).

To verify the three substitutions in IL-20RB-pZP7N clone, PCRamplification was carried out using three difference cDNA sources—fetalskin marathon cDNA, HaCaT cDNA library DNA, and prostate smooth musclecDNA library DNA—as templates. The PCR products were gel purified andsequenced. The sequence of each of the three PCR products was consistentwith that of the IL-20RB-pZP7N clone. IL-20RB is SEQ ID NO: 22 and 23,and the mature extracellular domain is SEQ ID NO: 21.

EXAMPLE 3 Binding of IL-20 to IL-20RB/IL-22R Heterodimer

A cell-based binding assay was used to verify IL-20 binds toIL-22R-IL-20RB heterodimer.

Expression vectors containing known and orphan Class II cytokinereceptors (including IL-22R and IL-20RB) were transiently transfectedinto Baf3 cells.

Plated cells out at 5000cells/well, treated cells with IL-20 (zcyto10),MDA-7, and Soluble Proteins.

-   -   Inc. at 37 degrees for 3 days (72 hrs.)    -   Added 20 ul/well of Alamar Blue, inc. at 37 degrees overnight        (24 hrs.)    -   Read on the f-Max (Molecular Devises) in the Robotics room on        544 excitation/590 emission setting.        Results:    -   Positive proliferative response with treatments of IL-20        (zcyto10) and MDA-7 from 0.1 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml on        Baf3/DIRS1/cytoR11 cell line.    -   A neutralization of the positive proliferative response of IL-20        and MDA-7 (same conc.'s) when IL-20 and MDA-7 were treated in        combination with the IL-22R Soluble Receptor (heterodimeric Sol.        R.) at a 60 fold molar excess.    -   A neutralization of the positive proliferative response of MDA-7        (from 0.1 to 10 ng/ml) when MDA-7 was treated in combination        with IL-20RB Soluble Protein (thrombin cleaved version) at a 60        fold molar excess.

EXAMPLE 4 Up-regulation of Inflammatory Cytokines by IL-20

Cell Treatment

The human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT was grown at 37° C. to severaldays post-confluence in T-75 tissue culture flasks. At this point,normal growth media (DMEM+10% FBS) was removed and replaced withserum-free media. Cells were then incubated for two days at 37° C. DMEMwas then removed and four flasks of cells per treatment were treatedwith one of each of the following conditions for four hours at 37° C.:recombinant human (rh) IL-1 alpha at 5 ng/mL, rh IL-1 alpha at 20 ng/mL,rh IL-1 alpha at 5 ng/mL+IL-20 at 1 μg/mL, IL-20 at 1 μg/mL, or rh IL-10at 10 ng/mL.

RNA Isolation

Following cytokine treatment, media was removed and cells were lysedusing a guanidium thiocyanate solution. Total RNA was isolated from thecell lysate by an overnight spin on a cesium chloride gradient. Thefollowing day, the RNA pellet was resuspended in a TE/SDS solution andethanol precipitated. RNA was then quantitated using aspectrophotometer, followed by a DNase treatment as per Section V.B. ofClontech's Atlas™ cDNA Expression Arrays User Manual (versionPT3140-1/PR9X390, published Nov. 5, 1999). Quality of RNA samples wasverified by purity calculations based on spec readings, and byvisualization on agarose gel. Genomic contamination of the RNA sampleswas ruled out by PCR analysis of the beta-actin gene.

Clontech's protocols for polyA+ enrichment, probe synthesis andhybridization to Atlas™ arrays were followed (see above, plus Atlas™Pure Total RNA Labeling System User Manual, PT3231-1/PR96157, publishedJun. 22, 1999). Briefly, polyA+ RNA was isolated from 50 mg of total RNAusing streptavidin coated magnetic beads (by Clontech, Paolo Alto,Calif.) and a magnetic particle separator. PolyA+ RNA was then labeledwith ^(alpha32)P-dATP via RT-PCR. Clontech CDS primers specific to the268 genes on the Atlas™ human cytokine/receptor array (Cat. #7744-1)were used in the reaction. Labeled probe was isolated using columnchromatography and counted in scintillation fluid.

Array Membrane Hybridization

Atlas™ arrays were pre-hybridized with Clontech ExpressHyb plus 100mg/mL heat denatured salmon sperm DNA for at least thirty minutes at 68°C. with continuous agitation. Membranes were then hybridized with1.9×10⁶ CPM/mL (a total of 1.14×10⁷ CPM) overnight at 68° C. withcontinuous agitation. The following day, membranes were washed forthirty minutes×4 in 2×SSC, 1% SDS at 68° C., plus for thirty minutes×1in 0.1×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 68° C., followed by one final room temperaturewash for five minutes in 2×SSC. Array membranes were then placed inKodak plastic pouches sealed and exposed to a phosphor imager screenovernight at room temperature. The next day, phosphor screens werescanned on a phosphor imager and analyzed using Clontech's AtlasImage™1.0 software.

Results

Genes Up-regulated by IL-20

-   -   1. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was up-regulated 1.9-2.4 fold by        IL-20.    -   2. Placental growth factors 1 & 2 (PLGF) were up-regulated        1.9-2.0 fold by IL-20.    -   3. Coagulating factor II receptor was up-regulated 2.0-2.5 fold        by IL-20.    -   4. Calcitonin receptor was up-regulated 2.2-2.3 fold by IL-20.    -   5. TNF-inducible hyaluronate-binding protein TSG-6 was        up-regulated 2.1-2.2 fold by IL-20.    -   6. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-1        precursor, tyrosine-protein kinase receptor (FLT-1) (SFLT) was        up-regulated 2.1-2.7 fold by IL-20.    -   7. MRP-8 (calcium binding protein in macrophages MIF-related)        was up-regulated 2.9-4.1 fold by IL-20.    -   8. MRP-14 (calcium binding protein in macrophages MIF-related)        was up-regulated 3.0-3.8 fold by IL-20.    -   9. Relaxin H2 was up-regulated 3.14 fold by IL-20.    -   10. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptor III 300 kDa        was up-regulated 2.4-3.6 fold by IL-20.

Genes Showing Synergy with IL-20+IL-1 Treatment

-   -   1. Bone morphogenic protein 2a was up-regulated 1.8 fold with        IL-20 treatment alone, 2.5 fold with IL-1 treatment alone, and        8.2 fold with both IL-20 and IL-1 treatment together.    -   2. MRP-8 was up-regulated 2.9 fold with IL-20 treatment alone,        10.7 fold with IL-1 treatment alone and 18.0 fold with both        IL-20 and IL-1 treatment together.    -   3. Erythroid differentiation protein (EDF) was up-regulated 1.9        fold with IL-20 treatment alone, 9.7 fold with IL-1 treatment        alone and 19.0 fold with both IL-20 and IL-1 treatment together.    -   4. MRP-14 (calcium binding protein in macrophages, MIF related)        was up-regulated 3.0 fold with IL-20 treatment alone, 12.2 fold        with IL-1 treatment alone and 20.3 fold with both IL-20 and IL-1        treatment together.    -   5. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor was up-regulated 2.0        fold with IL-20 treatment alone, 14 fold with IL-1 treatment        alone and 25.0 fold with both IL-20 and IL-1 treatment together.    -   6. Beta-thromboglobulin-like protein was up-regulated 1.5 fold        with IL-20 treatment alone, 15 fold with IL-1 treatment alone        and 27 fold with both IL-20 and IL-1 treatment together.    -   7. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was up-regulated 1.7        fold with IL-20 treatment alone, 25 fold with IL-1 treatment        alone and 48 fold with both IL-20 and IL-1 treatment together.    -   8. Monocyte chemotactic and activating factor MCAF was        up-regulated 1.3 fold with IL-20 treatment alone, 32 fold with        IL-1 treatment alone and 56 fold with both IL-20 and IL-1        treatment together.

EXAMPLE 5 IL-20 Transgenic Phenotype

Both human and mouse IL-20 were overexpressed in transgenic mice using avariety of promoters. The liver-specific mouse albumin promoter,directing expression of human IL-20, was used initially in an attempt toachieve circulating levels of protein. Subsequent studies were conductedusing the keratin 14 (K14) promoter, which primarily targets expressionto the epidermis and other stratified squamous epithelia; the mousemetallothionein-1 promoter, which gives a broad expression pattern; andthe EμLCK promoter, which drives expression in cells of the lymphoidlineage. Similar results were obtained in all four cases, possiblybecause these promoters all give rise to circulating levels of IL-20.

In all cases, transgenic pups expressing the IL-20 transgene weresmaller than non-transgenic littermates, had a shiny appearance withtight, wrinkled skin and died within the first few days after birth.Pups had milk in their stomachs indicating that they were able tosuckle. These mice had swollen extremities, tail, nostril and mouthregions and had difficulty moving. In addition, the mice were frail,lacked visible adipose tissue and had delayed ear and toe development.Low expression levels in liver (less than 100 mRNA molecules/cell) weresufficient for both the neonatal lethality and skin abnormalities.Transgenic mice without a visible phenotype either did not express thetransgene, did not express it at detectable levels, or were mosaic.

Histologic analysis of the skin of the IL-20 transgenic mice showed athickened epidermis, hyperkeratosis and a compact stratum corneumcompared to non-transgenic littermates. Serocellular crusts (scabs) wereobserved occasionally. Electron microscopic (EM) analysis of skin fromtransgenic mice showed intramitochondrial lipoid inclusions, mottledkeratohyaline granules, and relatively few tonofilaments similar to thatobserved in human psoriatic skin and in mouse skin disease models. Inaddition, many of the transgenic mice had apoptotic thymic lymphocytes.No other abnormalities were detected by histopathological analysis.These histological and EM results support and extend the observed grossskin alterations.

EXAMPLE 6 Experimental Procedures

Luciferase Assay

Luciferase reporter assays were performed using BHK cells stablytransfected with IL-22R and IL-20RB and utilizing the STAT-drivenluciferase reporter cassette. Cells were switched to serum-free mediumovernight prior to treatment with serial dilutions of IL-19, IL-20, andMDA-7 in the presence or absence of IL-20RA/IL-20RB soluble receptor.Cells were lysed and read on the Berthold MicroLumat Plus for luciferasereporter activity.

BaF3 Proliferation Assay

Proliferation assays used Alamar Blue, which was added to the cells 24 hprior to being read on fmax plate reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale,Calif.) using the Softmax Pro program.

RT-PCR Analysis on Human Tissues

RT-PCR was performed on a human Rapid-Scan gene expression panel(Origene Technologies, Inc.) using primers 5′-ccccagacacggtctacagcat-3′and 5′-gggtcaggccgaagaactcatat-3′ to amplify a 440 by fragment of humanIL22R. PCR conditions are 94° C. for 2 min., followed by 35 cycles of94° C. for 15 sec., 72° C. for 90 sec, then a final extension step of72° C. for 2 min.

Results:

Since IL-22R is a shared alpha subunit, we evaluated an Origene panelfor the expression of IL-22R mRNA. The highest IL-22R expression wasdetected in the pancreas, with skin and lung also exhibiting strongexpression.

To test the possibility that the IL-20 subfamily might activate otherClass II receptor combinations, BaF3 cells were stably transfected withClass II receptor subunits alone or in combinations and treated with theligands. The assay shows that both IL-20 and MDA-7 stimulate anadditional receptor complex consisting of consisting of IL-22R/IL-20RB(Table 1). We next wanted to determine which soluble receptors couldblock ligand activity. As mentioned above, IL-20RA/IL-20RB heterodimericsoluble receptor blocked proliferation stimulated by IL-20, IL-19, andMDA-7. In addition, IL-20RB soluble receptor alone blocked the activityof IL-19 and MDA-7, but not IL-20.

Since IL-22R is a shared alpha subunit, we evaluated an Origene panelfor the expression of IL-22R mRNA (Table 2). The highest expression wasdetected in the pancreas, with skin and lung also exhibiting strongexpression. Thus, overall IL-20Rα, IL-20Rβ, and IL-22R all have robustexpression in skin and lung.

Since IL-20Rα, IL-20Rβ, and IL-22R are all expressed in the lung, weused in situ hybridization to evaluate whether the same cell typesexpressed all three receptors. FIG. 3 shows that both epithelial cellsas well as immune infiltrates exhibit positive staining in lung sectionstested for mRNA expression by in situ hybridization.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating psoriasis in a subject,wherein the psoriasis is associated with a joint disease in the subject,the method comprising administering to said subject an effective dose ofa composition comprising a soluble IL-22R/IL-20RB heterodimericpolypeptide, wherein said heterodimeric polypeptide comprises an IL-22Rextracellular domain covalently linked to an IL-20RB extracellulardomain, thereby treating psoriasis.
 2. The method of claim 1, whereinthe joint disease associated with the psoriasis is a seronegativerheumatoid arthritis-like disease.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein animmunoglobulin heavy chain constant region is linked to the carboxyterminus of the IL-22R extracellular domain and wherein animmunoglobulin light chain constant region is linked to the carboxyterminus of the IL-20RB extracellular domain.
 4. The method of claim 1,wherein an immunoglobulin light chain constant region is linked to thecarboxy terminus of the IL-22R extracellular domain and wherein animmunoglobulin heavy chain constant region is linked to the carboxyterminus of the IL-20RB extracellular domain.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein both the IL-22R extracellular domain and the IL-20RBextracellular domain have a peptide linker fused to their respectivecarboxy termini, wherein each of the peptide linkers has two cysteineresidues so as to form two disulfide bonds between the peptide linkers,thereby forming a covalently bonded soluble receptor.